![]() Each USK10 microcosm had approximately 1.4 × 10 8 cells, while the abiotic control had no cells. The mineralisation experiment was conducted in triplicate with each microcosm containing 5 mL of BHB with BP3 as the sole carbon source. After incubation at 20 ☌ in the dark on an orbital shaker (120 rpm) for 3 days, extracts were centrifuged (12,000 × g, 5 min), washed twice, and resuspended in Difco TM Bushnell–Haas Broth (BHB). Precultures for the mineralisation experiment were grown on R2B media supplemented with 100 ppm BP3. Single colonies were picked and further assessed for BP3 mineralisation potential and later characterised, one of which being strain USK10. In short, the sediment was implemented into a series of enrichment cultures using radiolabelled BP3 to assess degradation potential, followed by a series of streak plating using BP3-enriched agar plates as the sole carbon source. Strain USK10 was isolated from enrichment cultures originating from Chinese riverbank sediment (GPS coordinates: 25.569611, 119.781000). USK10, when incubated in liquid media without any other carbon source. In addition, we present experimental data that prove the biodegradation of BP3 by Rhodococcus sp. Strain USK10 shows an increased number of genes involved in catalysing aromatic compounds compared to related Rhodococcus strains, which may indicate that it is a specialist strain. Here, we present the first complete and annotated genome of a BP3 degrader found in nature, including a potential linear megaplasmid and a smaller circular plasmid. Furthermore, both strains were hypothesised to be able to mineralise BP3, without, however, confirming it experimentally. ![]() ![]() The phylogenetic characterisation of these strains was, however, solely based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, and their genetic makeup was not investigated. Strain FP-6 and Sphingomonas wittichii strain BP14P, have been reported capable of degrading BP3. Currently, only two other bacterial strains, Methylophilus sp. USK10, to provide additional evidence of the genetic background of this BP3-mineralising bacterium. In this study, we isolated and characterised the genome of Rhodococcus sp. The presence of BP3 in the aquatic environment worldwide begs the question of its persistence, and therefore, it is important to further research the biodegradation potential of BP3 facilitated by microorganisms found in natural environments. In addition, BP3 may also act as an endocrine disruptor in humans, influencing birth weight and gestational age. ![]() The chemical characteristics of BP3, and many other organic UV filters, is a cause of concern due to their high lipophilicity, allowing for them to easily bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms and even in the body fluids of humans. These detrimental factors have caused the use of BP3-containing sunscreens to be banned on the coasts of several countries, including the United States (Virgin Islands, HI, USA), Mexico, and Palau. Elevated concentrations of BP3 in the aquatic environment have been reported to result in adverse effects on aquatic organisms, such as deterioration of coral reefs and impaired reproduction potential in fish. BP3 has been detected in surface waters, sediments, and organisms within various environments, including remote areas such as seawater of the Polar Regions. BP3 has been implemented as an active ingredient in sunscreens, cosmetics, and plastic products for decades and is still one of the most commonly used UV filters worldwide. ![]() Organic UV filters have an aromatic chemical structure that allows for the absorption and stabilisation of both UVA (315–400 nm) and UVB (280–315 nm) radiation. Benzophenone-3 (BP3 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone Oxybenzone) is an organic UV filter typically used in personal care products to protect the skin from harmful solar radiation. ![]()
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